The well-known bearing life equation, often referred to as L10 life, is a fundamental element in the sizing and selection of recirculating linear bearings. Through statistical analysis and real-world testing, the L10 life equation can predict, with 90 percent reliability, the life that a recirculating bearing can be expected to achieve. But even this universally […]
What’s the difference between backlash and hysteresis in linear systems?
In linear systems, backlash and hysteresis are often referred to as the same phenomenon. But while they both contribute to lost motion, their causes and methods of operation are different. Backlash: The enemy of linear systems Backlash is caused by clearance, or play, between mating parts, which introduces a dead band when the direction of […]
Why are planetary gearboxes preferred for servo applications?
In a servo application — one in which a feedback device is used to control torque, position, or speed of a linear or rotary system — the ratio of the load inertia to the motor inertia is a critical factor in system performance. A lower inertia ratio allows the motor to more precisely control the load […]
Rotary ball splines ensure sub-millimeter accuracy
The NB rotary ball spline has a cylindrical nut that rolls on the ball spline shaft. Rotary ball splines can be used for both rotational motion and linear motion, providing sub-millimeter accuracy every time. Popular applications include SCARA robots, the vertical shaft of assembly equipment, automatic tool changers, and loaders. A ball spline’s forte is […]
How to size a rack and pinion drive
In linear motion applications, ball screws are widely recognized for their ability to provide high thrust forces, while linear motors are gaining market share in high-speed applications, and belt drives continue to maintain their reputation as the best solution for long travel lengths. But rack and pinion drives are the often-overlooked workhorses behind gantry and […]
What are walking piezo motors?
Piezo motors that produce linear motion include linear ultrasonic piezo motors, linear stepper piezo motors, and piezo inertia motors. Although their construction and principles of operation are different, all three designs harness the inverse piezoelectric effect — in which a piezo material expands or contracts when electrical energy is applied — to produce linear movement in a […]
Where are glass scale linear encoders used?
Linear encoders are generally classified by their scanning technology — optical or magnetic. Magnetic encoders use a metal scale (often referred to as a “tape”), while optical encoders use a scale made of either metal or glass. Although magnetic encoders have seen great improvements in resolution and accuracy in recent years, for single-micron and sub-micron […]
Ball screw standards: What you need to know about DIN, ISO, and JIS
If you’re involved in ball screw sizing or selection, you’ve probably noticed that there are several different standards that govern various aspects of ball screw design, from lead accuracy and load capacity to ball nut tolerances and rigidity. Fortunately, in many cases, these standards are in harmony and provide the same (or virtually equivalent) specifications. […]
Profiled rail accuracy: When accuracy class doesn’t tell the whole story
You’ve chosen a profiled rail and bearing for a high-precision application — machining, cutting, or metrology, for example. The bearing (aka carriage, or runner block) has good load capacity and rigidity, so it should provide long life and low deflection. But when you integrate the assembly into your application, you notice that the system doesn’t […]
What is sub-divisional error (SDE) in linear encoders?
To determine the position of a linear axis, an encoder read head travels along a scale and “reads” changes in light (for optical encoders) or magnetic field (for magnetic types). As the read head registers these changes, it produces sine and cosine signals that are shifted 90 degrees from each other (referred to as “quadrature […]
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